It was practiced in Africa and Turkey as well, before it spread to Europe and the Americas. His method underwent medical and technological changes over the next years, and eventually resulted in the eradication of smallpox.
And then, at the dawn of bacteriology, developments rapidly followed. Antitoxins and vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, anthrax, cholera, plague, typhoid, tuberculosis, and more were developed through the s. The middle of the 20 th century was an active time for vaccine research and development.
Methods for growing viruses in the laboratory led to rapid discoveries and innovations, including the creation of vaccines for polio. Researchers targeted other common childhood diseases such as measles, mumps, and rubella, and vaccines for these diseases reduced the disease burden greatly.
Between and , bacterial vaccine development proliferated, including the Bacillis-Calmette-Guerin BCG vaccination, which is still in use today.
In , Alexander Glenny perfected a method to inactivate tetanus toxin with formaldehyde. The same method was used to develop a vaccine against diphtheria in Pertussis vaccine development took considerably longer, with a whole cell vaccine first licensed for use in the US in Viral tissue culture methods developed from , and led to the advent of the Salk inactivated polio vaccine and the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine. Mass polio immunisation has now eradicated the disease from many regions around the world.
Progess of polio elimination and Image:CDC. Attenuated strains of measles, mumps and rubella were developed for inclusion in vaccines. Measles is currently the next possible target for elimination via vaccination.
Despite the evidence of health gains from immunisation programmes there has always been resistance to vaccines in some groups.
The late s and s marked a period of increasing litigation and decreased profitability for vaccine manufacture, which led to a decline in the number of companies producing vaccines. The rare but often fatal disease affects the central nervous system by causing painful muscular contractions. As these vaccines became available, high-income industrial nations began recommending routine vaccination of their children.
There are now over 26 vaccine-preventable diseases. The initial EPI goals were to ensure that every child received protection against six childhood diseases i. The bacteria usually attack the lungs. But, TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal. When given to women of childbearing age, vaccines that contain tetanus toxoid TT or Td not only protect women against tetanus, but also prevent neonatal tetanus in their newborn infants.
Since then, new vaccines have become available. Some of them, such as hepatitis B Hepatitis B A viral infection of the liver that is transmitted through contact with blood or other body fluids that are infected with the hepatitis B virus.
Some infections, especially those acquired in infancy, can become chronic and result in cirrhosis and primary liver cancer in adulthood.
Hib is one of six types of bacteria that are major causes of bacterial meningitis in unimmunized infants. Others, such as yellow fever Yellow fever An infectious viral tropical disease transmitted by mosquitoes and characterized by high fever, jaundice, and gastrointestinal bleeding.
GVAP was the product of the Decade of Vaccine Collaboration, an unprecedented effort that brought together development, health and immunization experts and stakeholders. In May , the new resolution on strengthening immunization was endorsed by the ministries of health from countries.
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