How is wakeboarding scientific

Water skiing and wakeboarding are popular water sports that are fun and can contribute to physical fitness. Unfortunately, thousands of water skiers and wake boarders are treated in emergency departments across the United States every year. It is important to learn what steps to take to be safe before you head out onto the water. Injury Facts The most common water skiing injuries are sprains and strains. Legs are injured the most often while water skiing.

Cuts are the most common wakeboarding injury. When the resultant equal and opposite upwards force is sufficient to match the downwards gravitational force then you will be able to successfully stay afloat. Upward and downward forces are also dependent on several other scientific laws, but not only must we consider the vertical forces, we must also consider the force exerted by the rope, as well as the forward propulsion exerted by the boat.

By leaning back you are exerting some force — but the boat exerts more and so you will be pulled forwards, up and out of the water — as long as your skis or board are at the right angle. When you travel directly below the boat in a straight line, as long as the rope remains taut you will be going at the same speed as the boat pulling you. However, as people who have tried waterskiing or wakeboarding before will now, at times riders can be going much faster than the boat pulling them.

How could this be? Well, there is another force acting of the riders that we have not yet discussed. Wakeboard manufacturers now produce boards designed particularly for women's bodies. A shorter, thinner and lighter board is better suited for women. Despite the popularity of wakeboarding among women, the X Games -- the forerunner in extreme sporting events -- has dropped the sport, along with inline skating, which drew large numbers of female participants.

This move prompted controversy. Wakeboarding is a fairly easy sport to learn, especially if you have surfing experience. It's a little different than waterskiing, however, because wakeboards travel at lowered speeds and different angles, which might challenge a person accustomed to waterskiing.

Whatever your level of water sport experience, in only a few lessons, you can learn how to mount your board, develop skills in several wakeboarding positions and even attempt a jump. First things first: Getting up onto your wakeboard might seem daunting to a beginner, but it's actually quite easy. Start by sitting with your knees bent, your arms straight, and the board perpendicular to the boat. Let the boat pull you up as it takes off.

Once you're standing, maintain equal weight on both feet. Keep your head up and your shoulders in line with your hips. Now that you're up on your board, you may want to try a few more moves. Two popular jumps are the roll and the flip. When you roll , you move end-over-end edge-over-edge -- either toeside-over-heelside or heelside-over-toeside. Toeside just means the side of the board closest to your toes and heelside means the side of the board closest to your heels.

You take the wakeboard over your head end-over-end, landing in the same direction in which you started. When you flip , the tail -- the end of the board farthest from the boat -- moves over the tip nose -- the part of the board closest to the boat. These two movements refer to the board itself, rather than the rider. In gymnastics terms, a roll is similar to a somersault as the board goes end over end.

A flip is like a cartwheel as the board moves nose over tail. Once you've mastered the two basic jumps, you'll want to increase the height you pop into the air from the wake. Pop or air refers to the amount of space between you and the water. The higher the jump, the more air you've got. The most important part of getting more air is the way you edge into the wake.

Gradually increase your edge as you approach the wake. Then, jump off the top of the wake by extending your knees. You'll get more lift and more air. When you first begin wakeboarding, it's generally a good idea to start with a boat speed of 20 mph 32 kph.

This speed will allow you to develop control and will give you enough speed to get lift on jumps. As you develop confidence in your skills, you can build up speed to mph kph.

Keep in mind your body size, rope length and comfort zone when you decide the speed of your boat. Now that we've reviewed basic wakeboard maneuvers, let's try a new twist. Learn the physics of wakeboarding, and try a few more tricks.

Before you learn to jump, it's helpful to understand some of the principles of physics that apply to wakeboarding:. The two main forces that most influence the way a wakeboard moves are the resistance drag that the board encounters when moving through the water and the tension of your rope.

Tension is a reaction force : It's directly related to how much force is applied to a rope. The harder you pull on a rope, the higher the tension and the more force the rope exerts on you.

In order to keep your wakeboard afloat, you need the tension from the rope to counteract the pull of gravity and stop you from breaking through the water's surface tension. The rope's tension can also give you additional speed. If you lean back, causing the rope to stretch a little farther, you apply more force to the rope, and it simultaneously applies more force to you. You can use this force to get more power behind your tricks. When you increase the amount of stretching, you increase the power of the tension's force.

Pediatric martial arts injuries differ by discipline. Understanding these injury patterns can assist with the development of discipline-specific preventive interventions.

Occult lawn mower projectile injury presenting with hemoptysis. We present the case of a year-old man with hemoptysis after a thoracic projectile injury , which occurred while mowing the lawn. Chest radiograph followed by a computed tomography angiogram revealed a metallic foreign body in the right middle lobe of the lung. The patient underwent a right anterolateral thoracotomy where the object was successfully retrieved. The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery.

Computed tomography findings in young children with minor head injury presenting to the emergency department greater than 24h post injury. Large studies which developed decision rules for the use of Computed tomography CT in children with minor head trauma excluded children with late presentation more than 24h. To assess the prevalence of significant traumatic brain injury TBI on CT in infants with head trauma presenting to the emergency department ED more than 24h from the injury.

A retrospective chart review of infants less than 24 months old referred for head CT because of traumatic brain injury from January to December in Assaf-Harofeh medical center was conducted. There was no significant difference in the age between children with late and early presentation mean A similar rate of CT-identified traumatic brain injury was detected in both groups. Non-suicidal self- injury : clinical presentation , assessment and management. Non-suicidal self- injury is a common behaviour in adolescents and young adults, and may be associated with mental health disorders, risk of suicidal behaviour ideation and attempts , and a need for clinical services.

Nurses, in particular those working in emergency departments and mental health settings, have a crucial role in the assessment, treatment and care of individuals who have self-injured. It is essential for nurses to assess an individual's risk of more serious harm or accidental death, regardless of intent.

It is also important to understand the variations in non-suicidal self- injurious behaviour in terms of its presentation , features and functions, to provide appropriate person-centred care. Nurses should assist individuals in identifying the triggers or cues for their behaviour, exploring treatment options, and monitoring their behaviour and risk in the long term. This article describes the profile of people who self-injure, and the issues related to assessment and management of such patients presenting in emergency departments.

A description of who self-injures and why, and how people self-injure; developmental aspects of these behaviours, including short and long-term outcomes; and the available treatments is presented.

Dance is a popular activity associated with many physical and mental health benefits, but injuries are a concern for all skill levels. Previous studies have focused on professional dancers or particular genres, meaning the population-wide characteristics of injuries is unknown.

This study's objective was to identify the incidence and types of dance-related injuries evaluated in emergency departments in the United States over the year period Data were obtained from the nationally representative National Electronic Injury Surveillance System from National estimates of injuries were determined using complex sample design. Trends using 2-year intervals were calculated using linear regression and injury proportion ratios using Pearson's X2. The average annual incidence of dance-related injuries requiring emergency medical attention was 17, per year.

Lower limb injuries were most common, particularly ankle and knee sprains. The average annual incidence of dance-related injuries of a serious enough nature to require presentation to the emergency department in the United States was 17, per year, with ankle and knee sprains being the most common.

Injury numbers have increased in recent years. Rosen, Tony; Bloemen, Elizabeth M. Background Elder abuse is under-recognized by Emergency Department ED providers, largely due to challenges distinguishing between abuse and accidental trauma. Objective To describe patterns and circumstances surrounding elder abuse-related and potentially abuse-related injuries in ED patients independently known to be physical elder abuse victims.

Methods ED utilization of community-dwelling victims of physical elder abuse in New Haven, CT from was analyzed previously. We re-examined these visits to assess whether they occurred due to injury. We identified and analyzed in detail 31 injury -associated ED visits from 26 patients with high probability of being related to elder abuse and visits from 57 patients with intermediate probability and accidental injury. Conclusion Victims of physical elder abuse commonly have injuries on upper extremities, head, and neck.

Suspicious circumstances and injury patterns may be identified and are commonly present when victims of physical elder abuse present with purportedly accidental injuries. Elder abuse is under-recognized by emergency department ED providers, largely due to challenges distinguishing between abuse and accidental trauma. To describe patterns and circumstances surrounding elder abuse-related and potentially abuse-related injuries in ED patients independently known to be physical elder abuse victims.

ED utilization of community-dwelling victims of physical elder abuse in New Haven, CT from was analyzed previously. Sixty-six ED visits were judged to have high probability of being related to elder abuse and were of indeterminate probability. Forty-two percent of purportedly accidental injuries had suspicious characteristics, with the most common suspicious circumstance being injury occurring more than 1 day prior to presentation , and the most common suspicious injury pattern being maxillofacial injuries.

Victims of physical elder abuse commonly have injuries on the upper extremities, head, and neck. Tackling causes and costs of ED presentation for American football injuries : a population-level study. American tackle football is the most popular high-energy impact sport in the United States, with approximately 9 million participants competing annually. Previous epidemiologic studies of football-related injuries have generally focused on specific geographic areas or pediatric age groups.

Our study sought to examine patient characteristics and outcomes, including hospital charges, among athletes presenting for emergency department ED treatment of football-related injury across all age groups in a large nationally representative data set.

Patient-specific injuries were identified using the primary International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis code and categorized by type and anatomical region. Standard descriptive methods examined patient demographics, diagnosis categories, and ED and inpatient outcomes and charges. During the study period football players presented for ED treatment, Overall, The proportion of admitted patients who required surgical interventions was Among individuals admitted to inpatient care, mean hospital length of stay was 2.

The aim of the study is to study the pattern of injuries from road traffic accidents presented at the emergency department of a rural teaching institution in Karachi. This descriptive case series was conducted prospectively in the Emergency Department of Fatima Hospital and Baqai Medical University from 1 January to 21 March There were patients in the series. All of the patients with recent injuries from road traffic accidents were included.

Cases with injuries more than 72 h old were excluded. The majority of patients had lower limb injuries Majority , Three patients were brought dead, and two patients left against medical advice. The lower limb injuries were the commonest road traffic accidental injuries , followed by head and neck injuries , multiple injuries , upper limb injuries , abdominoperineal injuries , and chest injuries.

Boxing injuries presenting to U. Boxing injuries can have serious consequences. To examine the epidemiology of boxing injuries in the U. National estimates of boxing injuries were calculated using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System.

Injury rates per participants for the year were calculated using boxing participation data. Data analysis was conducted in Those injured were predominately male The most common diagnosis was fracture Punching bag-related injuries accounted for These findings, based on a nationally representative sample, indicate that injuries related to boxing are increasing in number.

Increased efforts are needed to prevent boxing injuries. Epidemiology of fishing related upper extremity injuries presenting to the emergency department in the United States. Fishing injuries commonly affect the hands. The goal of this study was to quantify the incidence of fishing-related upper extremity injuries that present to emergency departments in the United States.

We examined the reported cases of fishing-related upper extremity injuries in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database. Analysis was performed based on age, sex and the type of injury reported.

The national incidence of fishing-related upper extremity injuries was The most common anatomic site for injury was the finger The most common type of injury in the upper extremity was the presence of a foreign body The incidence of fishing-related upper extremity injuries in males was per 1 million person-years, which was significantly higher than the incidence in females 41 per 1 million person-years.

The incidence of fishing-related upper extremity injuries that present to the Emergency Department was per 1 million person-years.

The incidence was significantly higher in males. With the widespread popularity of the activity, it is important for Emergency Physicians and Hand Surgeons to understand how to properly evaluate and manage these injuries. A comparison of paediatric soccer, gaelic football and rugby injuries presenting to an emergency department in Ireland. Children presenting with sport related injuries SRIs as a result of soccer, rugby and gaelic football are frequently seen in an emergency medicine EM setting in Ireland.

A comparison of the demographics of injuries in these three sports has however not previously been performed. The purpose of this study was to provide up-to-date data on the nature of these SRIs. Data was collected retrospectively on all children presenting to an emergency medicine department over 6 months, and was entered into a database for analysis. Retrospective analysis was performed on 23, charts, and SRIs were identified over a 6-month period. When the general site of injury was investigated, the upper limb accounted for the majority of SRIs in each sport.

The data provided from this study may raise awareness of the nature of SRIs affecting children in each of these. To analyze the presentation and timing of blunt mesenteric and intestinal trauma requiring surgical intervention.

Demographic data, mechanism of injury , time to diagnosis and pathology reports were recorded. A literature search was also performed. Patients were divided into three groups. Seventeen patients diagnosed within 4 h of admission were defined as the immediate group.

These patients presented initially with hemodynamic instability. The operative findings were consistent with a low-flow state of the terminal ileum and cecum. These patients presented with prolonged abdominal symptoms, chiefly partial small bowel obstruction. Acceleration-deceleration abdominal injury affects the terminal ileum more commonly. We propose that the ensuing clinical picture depends on the level of energy transmitted: high-energy trauma leads to extensive mesenteric and bowel tears and is diagnosed immediately.

Low-energy trauma may lead to chronic ischemia, fibrosis and stricture-formation. The right colon appears to be more vulnerable to lowflow states following blunt trauma. Head injuries presenting to emergency departments in the United States from to for ice hockey, soccer, and football.

To examine the number and rates of head injuries occurring in the community as a whole for the team sports of ice hockey, soccer, and football by analyzing data from patients presenting to US emergency departments EDs from to Retrospective analysis.

Data compiled for the US Consumer Product Safety Commission using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System were used to generate estimates for the total number of head injuries , concussions, internal head injuries , and skull fractures occurring on a national level from the years to These data were combined with yearly participation figures to generate rates of injuries presenting to the ED for each sport.

There were an estimated 17, head injuries from ice hockey, 86, from soccer, and , from football that presented to US EDs from to The total number of concussions presenting to EDs in the United States over the same period was estimated to be from ice hockey, 21, from soccer, and 68, from football. Acute kidney injury as the presenting manifestation of sarcoidosis: A case series and review of literature. Acute kidney injury is rarely the presenting feature of sarcoidosis. We present a case series of patients whose diagnosis of sarcoidosis was only brought to light by the development of renal impairment.

Concurrent hypercalcaemia was noted, prompting further investigation. The patients discussed experienced a significant and rapid improvement in both renal function and hypercalcaemia in response to therapy with prednisolone. This is out of keeping with previous reports of sarcoidosis-induced renal impairment. Our case series highlights the importance of testing for hypercalcaemia in the context of acute kidney injury.

Sarcoidosis is primarily a disease of the lungs and reticuloendothelial system; however, the prevalence of renal involvement with sarcoidosis may be under-recognized.

The renal manifestations of sarcoidosis are discussed in the context of the current literature. Furthermore, from our experience, we postulate that in the context of sarcoidosis-induced renal injury , concurrent hypercalcaemia may present prior to the development of chronic renal injury and therefore these patients may be more likely to recover renal function.

The clinical presentation , management and outcome of all patients with bile duct injury who presented to our tertiary care centre at various stages after cholecystectomy were analyzed. The patients were categorized into three groups: group A-patients in whom the injury was detected during cholecystectomy, group B-patients who presented within 2 weeks of cholecystectomy and group C-patients who presented after 2 weeks of cholecystectomy.

Our team acted as rescue surgeons and performed 'on-table' repair for injuries occurring in another unit or in another hospital. Strasberg classification of bile duct injury was followed. In group A, partial and complete transections were managed by repair over T-tube and high hepaticojejunostomy, respectively. Those with intact common bile duct underwent endoscopic papillotomy and stenting in addition to drainage of intra-abdominal collection when present. For those with complete transection, early repair was considered if there was no sepsis.

In presence of intra-abdominal sepsis an attempt was made to create controlled external biliary fistula. This was followed by hepatico jejunostomy at least after 3 months. Group C patients underwent hepaticojejunostomy at least 6 weeks after the injury. The outcome was graded into three categories: grade A-no clinical symptoms, normal LFT; grade B-no clinical symptoms, mild derangement of LFT or occasional episodes of pain or fever; grade C-pain, cholangitis and abnormal LFT; grade D-surgical revision or dilatation required.

Fifty nine patients were included in the study and the distribution was group A-six patients, group B patients and group C patients. In group A, one patient with complete transection of the right hepatic duct type C and partial injury to left hepatic duct LHD underwent right hepaticojejunostomy and repair of the LHD over. Sex differences in "weightlifting" injuries presenting to United States emergency rooms.

Benefits of resistance training include improved muscle strength and sports performance and may include reduced injuries. However, few studies have examined sex differences in resistance training-related injuries. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate sex differences in injuries associated with strength training in adolescents and young adults by type sprains and strains, fractures , mechanism accidental, nonaccidental , and location head, trunk, arm, hand, leg, foot of injury.

We hypothesized that there would be sex differences in type, mechanism, and location of strength training injuries. Weighted Chi-square analyses were used to compare differences in mechanism, type, and location of injury for men versus women. Conversely, women may be more susceptible to lower-extremity injuries resulting from accidents during resistance training. Pathology and clinical presentation of friction injuries : case series and literature review.

Effective wound management is dependent, in part, on identification and correction of causative factors. Trunk wounds can be caused by pressure, shear, moisture, friction, or some combination of these factors. The lesions were not located over palpable bony prominences and are therefore unlikely to be pressure ulcers.

They were not located in skin folds and are unlikely to represent intertriginous dermatitis. Clinical data related to these 45 patients are presented , as are the location and characteristics of the lesions. These characteristics are discussed in relation to current literature regarding the pathology and clinical presentation of wounds caused by pressure, moisture, and friction.

It is critical for wound clinicians and staff nurses to accurately identify the etiology of any wound. Wounds located on fleshy prominences exposed to repetitive friction should be labeled as friction injuries. Managing the stigma: Exploring body image experiences and self- presentation among people with spinal cord injury. Using modified constructivist grounded theory, the purpose of this study was to explore body image experiences in people with spinal cord injury.

The following main categories were found: appearance, weight concerns, negative functional features, impact of others, body disconnection, hygiene and incontinence, and self- presentation.

Findings have implications for the health and well-being of those living with a spinal cord injury. Bicycling has become increasingly popular in Iceland. Official registration of bicycle accidents is based on police reports. As minor accidents are often not reported to the police, these accidents may be underreported in police records. The rate of hospital admission was examined with length of stay, Intensive Care Unit admission, use of medical imaging and operative treatment.

A total of patients presented to the ED with bicycle related accidents , The average age of patients was 22,6 years years. Most are injured during recreational activities Most injuries occurred during May-September Data on counterparty was missing in The cause of accident was in The upper extremity was injured in A majority of the patients No fatalities were found during the study period.

Use of helmets was only recorded in In total patients were admitted during the period where the mean time of admission was 5 days.

The incidence of bicycle injuries increased during the study period but appears to have increased less than the number of bicyclists. Injuries are more frequent among males and the majority are of a young age.

The accidents usually occur during the spring and summer. Most injuries are. Associations between alcohol outlets and emergency department injury presentations : effects of distance from the central business district. To examine the effects of licensed outlets and sales on levels of alcohol-related injuries presenting to emergency departments EDs in the Inner, Middle and Outer postcode zones of Perth, Australia.

Using panel data , a surrogate measure based on day of week and time of day of presentation was used to identify alcohol-related injuries presenting at EDs. Postcodes were grouped according to their distance from the central business district CBD. Numbers of alcohol outlets and their sales were the primary explanatory variables. Data were analysed using negative binomial regression with random effects. In the Inner and Outer postcode zones, counts of on-site outlets were positively associated with alcohol-related injury IRR: 1.

An additional off-site outlet was associated with 6. In the Middle postcode zone, mean off-site sales were positively associated with injury IRR: 1. Associations between alcohol availability variables and injury differed by outlet type and distance from the CBD. These findings provide further evidence to support stronger controls on liquor licensing, and indicate the need for different controls according to the location and type of licence.

Undetected penetrating bladder injuries presenting as a spontaneously expulsed bullet during voiding: a rare entity and review of the literature. Patients presenting with a penetrating missile lodged in the pelvis are at risk for having a urinary tract injury. Once in the bladder, the missile can become impacted in the urethra, causing retention that requires extraction. Rarely, the missile can be expulsed spontaneously through the urethra.

To describe the world literature regarding undetected penetrating bladder injuries presenting as spontaneously voided bullets and to contribute an additional case to the literature. We present a case report of a year-old man who sustained a gunshot wound to the right buttock, with an undetected urinary system injury and subsequent spontaneous voiding of a bullet.

There have been injuries on initial presentation. Physicians should be aware of the potential for undetected urinary tract injuries in patients with penetrating missiles to the pelvis and understand the appropriate evaluation and management strategies for these injuries. Injury severity at presentation is not associated with long-term vocational outcome in British Military brain injury.

Injury Severity Score ISS and GCS can be retrospective markers of injury severity, but if used by clinicians to decide on the treatment of acutely brain-injured casualties at the point of injury may potentially limit interventions on people who may ultimately survive with good functional outcomes.

Eight patients All patients with ISS of 75 were long-term survivors. Drug-induced liver injury : present and future. Liver injury due to prescription and nonprescription medications is a growing medical, scientific, and public health problem. Worldwide, the estimated annual incidence rate of drug-induced liver injury DILI is Most cases of DILI are the result of idiosyncratic metabolic responses or unexpected reactions to medication. There is marked geographic variation in relevant agents; antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and psychotropic drugs are the most common offending agents in the West, whereas in Asia, 'herbs' and 'health foods or dietary supplements' are more common.

Different medical circumstances also cause discrepancy in definition and classification of DILI between West and Asia. In the concern of causality assessment, the application of the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method RUCAM scale frequently undercounts the cases caused by 'herbs' due to a lack of previous information and incompatible time criteria. Therefore, a more objective and reproducible tool that could be used for the diagnosis of DILI caused by 'herbs' is needed in Asia.

Objective: Adolescence is presented as a vulnerable period for accidental injury , particularly spinal cord injury , given young people's propensity for risky behaviours. School-based health promotion initiatives provide opportunities for education about the risks associated with dangerous behaviours. In this study, we aimed to describe young…. NCIPC's contribution to global injury and violence prevention: past, present , and future.

Injuries and violence impact millions across the globe each year. For the past 20 years, the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control NCIPC at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC has assembled the largest cadre of injury and violence prevention experts in the world to reduce the burden of injuries and violence domestically and to inform global injury and violence prevention efforts.